According to GM, the automaker believes a little more than 7% of model year 2013 customers will participate in the SCA. ![]() The limitations for the 2013 SCA are seven years and six months or 120,000 miles, whichever comes first. Under this SCA for 2013 models, customers may take their vehicles to GM dealerships for free diagnosis, and if diagnosed as currently consuming excessive amounts of oil, the vehicles will receive free piston assembly replacements. GM will issue a new SCA for 2013 vehicles that were manufactured prior to the May 2013 production change within 30 days of the effective date of the oil consumption settlement. Time and mileage limitations for 2010 vehicles are 10 years or 120,000 miles after initial retail sale or lease, whichever comes first, and for 20 vehicles the limitations are seven years and six months or 120,000 miles after initial retail sale or lease, whichever comes first. However, the SCAs will have specific time and mileage limitations that must be met. Those expenses include items such as replacement of piston assemblies for excessive oil consumption and related car rental charges.Ĭustomers who didn't take advantage of past SCAs will also receive new claim forms to submit claims for reimbursements. However, no adjustment was issued for 2013 Chevy Equinox and GMC Terrain SUVs, and the SCAs for 2010-2012 models expired years ago.Īccording to the GM oil consumption settlement, customers of the affected vehicles which were included in the previous 2010-2012 SCAs will be contacted with offers to submit claims for reimbursement for expenses previously incurred. The automaker denies the allegations but in the past had created " special coverage adjustments" (SCAs) for 2010-2012 Terrain and Equinox models, then made a design ( vehicle production) change in May 2013.įor model 2010-2012 SUVs, GM’s previously issued SCAs provided free piston assembly replacement for vehicles diagnosed with high oil consumption within specified time and mileage limitations, and also allowed then-current owners to submit reimbursement claims for out-of-pocket costs. General Motors.Īccording to the lawsuit, the Ecotech engines can burn one quart of oil every 1,000 miles which causes engine knocking, low oil pressure, fouled spark plugs, damage to the timing chains and eventually engine failures. The consolidated class action lawsuit arose from three separate actions: Berman v. The class action alleges defective piston rings are prone to premature wear and excessive engine oil consumption that causes damage to the Ecotec engines. ![]() Judge approves settlement for most owners of 2010-2013 Chevrolet Equinox and GMC Terrain SUVs.Ī GM oil consumption settlement has been approved by a federal judge for customers of 2010-2013 Chevrolet Equinox and GMC Terrain SUVs equipped with 2.4-liter Ecotec engines.
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![]() Any updates from this point forward will apply to this name-level configuration rather than at the image level.īoth of these files support a subset of devcontainer.json properties: Īttach to a container in a Kubernetes cluster If you would prefer to tie your configuration to a container name, select Dev Containers: Open Named Configuration File from the Command Palette ( F1) after attaching. To view or update it after attaching, select Dev Containers: Open Container Configuration File from the Command Palette ( F1). Once attached, anytime you open a folder, install an extension, or forward a port, a local image-specific configuration file will automatically be updated to remember your settings so that when you attach again, everything is back to the right place.īy default, an image-level configuration is used. VS Code supports image or container name-level configuration files to speed up setup when you repeatedly connect to a given Docker container. Note: When using Alpine Linux containers, some extensions may not work due to glibc dependencies in native code inside the extension. from the Command Palette ( F1) or use the Remote Explorer in the Activity Bar and from the Containers view, select the Attach to Container inline action on the container you want to connect to. To attach to a Docker container, either select Dev Containers: Attach to Running Container. Once attached, you can install extensions, edit, and debug like you can when you open a folder in a container using devcontainer.json. Visual Studio Code can create and start containers for you but that may not match your workflow and you may prefer to "attach" VS Code to an already running Docker container - regardless of how it was started. Configure IntelliSense for cross-compiling.Note as well that the Windows ZIP archive does not support auto update. Portable mode is only supported on the Windows ZIP (.zip) archive. Note: Do not attempt to configure portable mode on an installation from the Windows User or System installers. Note: On Insiders, the folder should be named code-insiders-portable-data. Make sure you remove the quarantine attribute, if portable mode doesn't seem to work: xattr -dr Visual\ Studio\ Code.app Portable mode won't work if your application is in quarantine, which happens by default if you just downloaded Visual Studio Code. The default folder name is code-portable-data: Since the folder will be alongside the application, you need to name it specifically so that Code can find it. On macOS, you need to place the data folder as a sibling of the application itself. ![]() This is useful for updating your portable Visual Studio Code version: simply move the data folder to a newer extracted version of Visual Studio Code. The data folder can be moved to other Visual Studio Code installations. It works under Windows, Linux, and macOS: Enable Portable Mode Windows and LinuxĪfter unzipping the Visual Studio Code download, simply create a data folder within Visual Studio Code's folder:įrom then on, that folder will be used to contain all Visual Studio Code data, including session state, preferences, extensions, etc. Here is for the user data directory: "D:\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe" -user-data-dir="D:\Microsoft VS Code\settings"Īccessing the 'Target' field is done by right-clicking the shortcut and choosing 'Properties'Īnyway, there's a simpler solution to that problem - just use the portable version of Visual Studio Code. So mine looks like this: "D:\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe" -extensions-dir="D:\Microsoft VS Code\extensions" ![]() Where DRIVERLETTER and VSCODE are the corresponding drive and directory where Visual Studio Code is installed. user-data-dir="DRIVELETTER:\VSCODE\settings" What I did - after installing Visual Studio Code for the first time, I checked the documentation and added at the end of 'Target' field of editor's shortcut the following (there's a space before the two dashes): -extensions-dir="DRIVELETTER:\VSCODE\extensions" ![]() She takes pride in her raw and relatable comedy and she’s a great storyteller. From the first time she touched the mic in 2016, she’s been rocking shows across the globe. She is more than just an Internet sensation. She’s known for making the world laugh via her viral videos on Facebook and Instagram. Tiera is a standup comedian born and raised on the west side of Chicago, Illinois. ![]() Tickets will be available for pick up at the box office 45 minutes prior to the show. Please note, there is a 2 item per person minimum in the showroom. PLEASE NOTE: our Upstairs showroom is NOT wheelchair accessible. Zach’s short film KILLER FRIENDS (which he directed, wrote, and starred in) was screened at many film festivals both domestically and internationally, and won the overall audience award at Dances With Films. Zach was selected to be a New Face at the prestigious Montreal Just For Laughs Festival 2018, and was one of Time Out Magazine's "2018 Comedians to Watch.” He can be seen touring comedy clubs around the country, and on tour with comics such as Whitney Cummings and Fortune Feimster. He can currently be seen hosting on the E! series Nightly Pop, on the E! series Dating #NoFilter, as well as on season 3 of Netflix’s Dear White People. Zach Noe Towers is an LA-based comedian, actor, and writer. He frequently tours with Andrew Schulz, Mark Normand, and Trevor Wallace and has been featured on Comedy Central and Don’t Tell Comedy. Avery followed that up by releasing a joint, debut comedy album entitled JUNIOR VARSITY which debuted at #1 on iTunes. Questions ? Visit our Frequently Asked Questions page!Īfter starting his career in Cape Town, South Africa Joey Avery made a name for himself in the Bay Area comedy scene quickly earning recognition in the SF Chronicle as one of San Francisco's Comics on the Rise. ![]() Management reserves the right to prevent customers from entering the facility who they deem disruptive or dangerous to other patrons. Please note that the skybox is on the second floor of our showroom, and is NOT wheelchair accessible. All club policies and safety guidelines will be enforced. The guest count can not exceed 10 people. **The Private Skybox Suite includes up to 10 tickets, a $400 Food & Beverage voucher, a personal server, a private restroom, and all gratuity charges.Īny additional food and drink costs above $400 will be billed at the end of the show. Big Jay has appeared on "This Is Not Happening" and "Louie," is the co-host of SiriusXM's "The Bonfire" alongside Dan Soder, and recently released his own Comedy Central hour special, "Big Jay Oakerson: Live at Webster Hall." Raunchy and brash, yet endearing and honest, Big Jay Oakerson is one of the country's most in-demand comedians. Like and follow on Facebook, and share this story – Reporting local news in Paris and Lamar County, Texas. In addition to Coconut Cream Pie, Blue Bell fans can also find returning favorite flavors Strawberry Cheesecake and Krazy Kookie Dough in stores this month.įor more information about Blue Bell and for a complete list of flavors now available visit Source: Blue Bell Stir together the remaining 3/4 cup milk. “It is an entire month dedicated to celebrating our favorite food, ice cream!” For the filling: Whisk together the egg yolks, 1/4 cup of the milk and the cornstarch in a medium bowl until smooth and well combined. “We love National Ice Cream Month,” Breed said. Blue Bell Coconut Cream Pie’s flavor will be more popular with the Food Ranker Crew. Coconut Cream Pie (Blue Bell) Beloved Brenham-based ice cream manufacturer Blue Bell released a new flavor, Coconut Cream Pie, in celebration of National Ice Cream Month. Blue Bell did a fantastic job in creating this flavor, which is ideal for the summer season. ![]() Each year Blue Bell celebrates National Ice Cream Month with the release of a returning favorite, or new flavor. Because coconut cream pie ice cream is now available in both half-gallon and pints sizes, it is well worth your time. It was in 1984 when President Ronald Reagan designated July as National Ice Cream Month and the third Sunday of the month as National Ice Cream Day. thick-cut smoked bacon, link sausage, eggs, bell pepper, onion & pickled. The pie crust pieces tie it all together to capture the taste and texture of a real coconut cream pie.”Ĭoconut Cream Pie is available in half-gallon and pint sizes for a limited time. Our sweet-cream pancakes and waffles, and our French toast are dusted with. You will find toasted coconut and swirls of whipped topping in every bite. “What better way to cool down at your next barbecue than with a bowl of our new flavor? Coconut Cream Pie Ice Cream is light, and silky-smooth. Remove the pie crust from the freezer, with a fork, prick the sides and bottom of the dough. ![]() ![]() “Coconut Cream Pie Ice Cream is the perfect summertime dessert,” said Carl Breed, general sales manager for Blue Bell. Roll the pie dough out, place it in a 9 inch pie pan, crimp the edges, put it in the freezer for half an hour to help firm the dough and cause less shrinkage when you bake it. My, oh my! Blue Bell is celebrating National Ice Cream Month with a side of pie, a delicious Coconut Cream Pie Ice Cream.Ĭoconut Cream Pie is a rich, coconut French ice cream with flakes of coconut, tasty pie crust pieces and a whipped topping swirl loaded with toasted coconut. Blue Bell Creameries already pleaded guilty in 2020 to distributing listeria-contaminated products and paid close to US20m in criminal fines and to resolve False Claims Act allegations. Pick up a carton of our NEW Coconut Cream Pie Ice CreamYou won’t be disappointed The flavor is a rich, coconut French ice cream with flakes of coconut, tasty pie crust pieces and a whipped topping. We calculate shipping costs based on the destination, physical size of the order, quantity of items in the order and shipping method chosen. If you have not received your order within the specified time frame, please contact us. ![]() Refunds will not be granted for orders delivered past the estimated delivery date. Shipping times are estimates only, and delivery dates cannot be guaranteed at this time. Shipping delays encountered once the item is with the delivery carrier are out of our control. We strive to ensure all orders ship on time and appreciate your patience while your order is on its way. Orders shipping to Alaska, Hawaii, and United States Territories may take additional time to ship. We offer the following shipping options, which include processing time:Įconomy Shipping: 8-10 business days (Not Trackable)ĭomestic shipping time estimates apply to the contiguous United States only. Curve depth/radius varies on size +/- 2-1/2Ĭanvas, jewelry, photo books, and pillows ship within 5 business days.Īll other products ship within 2-4 business days.Flat sizes 10" x 20" and larger have a wall mount back.Flat sizes 4" x 6", 5" x 7", and 8" x 10" have an easel back.No matter where your photos are - on your phone or on your desktop, upload them for a high quality product. Simply upload your favorite photo of your family, a stunning sunrise you saw on vacation, or a cherished picture of your grandparents. Curved options stand independently and are perfect for placing on your desk, shelf or on a mantle. Wall mount and easel display options are available so you don't have to worry about where to display your pictures. With durable metal and luxurious printing techniques, a metal photo print go beyond traditional canvases and add a cool, modern touch to your space. ![]() Featuring a stunning appearance and durable longevity, this metal print is sure to be a great addition to your decor. ![]() If you turn the Mixer knob fully counterclockwise to Inputs, and you connect functional speakers, headphones, and an input device (such as a mic, guitar, or bass) to the AudioBox USB 96, you should. The 'Direct' button will allow you to directly monitor the inputs. Thanks The fact that its 32bit is even better. PLEASE NOTE: The iOne does not have a 'Mix' or 'Mixer' knob. FL ASIO is also included in the demo installer, the demo will install the latest version of FL studio ASIO. Note, youll need to be logged in to your Image-Line/forum account to download it. Capture is designed to make recording easy by instantly configuring with your mixer and allowing you to record every channel plus the main mix with a single mouse click. That's one of the main reasons Image-Line includes it in the FL installation. An older version of FL Studio ASIO is available on the forums. The StudioLive 32SC is tightly integrated with PreSonus® Capture® live-recording software. But it's not absolutely necessary, as ASIO4all will work for recording audio in FL with most onboard audio devices. There are two ways to record a track - non-realtime recording, which results in the highest audio quality and realtime recording (interactive) that allows recording of ASIO inputs. wav files and to auto-insert them as Audio Clips in the Clip Track area (optional). I say "should", but there's no guarantee that any particular vendor doesn't write crap drivers.You may also prefer having more flexible audio IO, MIDI IO, routing and so forth with a dedicatied audio interface. FL Studio allows you to record the output of one or more Mixer tracks to. output your fl studio mixer track 1 to an input on the 8i6, then from the 8i6's output to a compressor input. ![]() (not the master) 1 for output to the external compression/effect chain, and 1 for input back into fl studio from the external gear. See the links in the sticky thread in this board for more info, too.Īs far as needing a soundcard (i.e, PCI device or external USB/firewire interface) to record audio in FL, I'd say it's definitely preferable, as most audio interfaces should have better vendor specific ASIO drivers than ASIO4all. Re: Connecting an external Compressor to FL Studio. In any case, it's quite possible to get ASIO4all working with AC97 onboard sound (for at least some hardware, as I said). ![]() Open the input/playback settings menu of your DAW and select ASIO4ALL as the input/playback device. Select your interface by clicking the button next to it. Also, sometimes you have to disable some of the extra outputs in the ASIO4all control panel like I described. Go to the Windows Start Menu and open ASIO4ALL Offline Settings. The Roland Worldwide Social Network keeps you connected to the latest products, exciting events, and much more. There's a couple of options on the ASIO4all control panel specifically for working around AC97 problems. It probably depends on the specific onboard audio hardware. Save in any file type you need, from studio quality. A lot of people have had problems with different Realtek drivers and ASIO4all, but most people seem to have gotten it working fine. ![]() It is designed to perform extra tough and strenuous jobs. It has hardened steel jaws which can set rivets in steel up to 3/16-inch thick. This air rivet gun is an ideal tool for automotive and construction assembly work. ![]() 3. Campbell Hausfeld Pop Air Rivet Gun ($74.53) It can perform efficiently at all angles and comes with a pulling pressure of 2423 pounds.Īvailable here. It has a quick release air valve which prevents overloading. It is a powerful and durable tool which gives you high-speed output. Three of the nose pieces are screwed onto the base. 4. Astro Pneumatic Tool PR14 Air Rivet Gun ($73.08) It has an air relief feature which prevents it from overloading.Īvailable here. It is a powerful, durable and high-speed tool which is capable of performing all riveting jobs. Its accompanied with four nose pieces of sizes 3/16″, 5/32, 1/8″ and 3/32″. This air rivet gun has an air inlet of 1/4 inches and an air hose of 3/8″. Air Hydraulic Rivet Pop Gun Air Riveter ($58.59) It can perform well at any angle and comes with air consumption of 4.2 CFM.Īvailable here. It prevents overload and gives you a long life service. It is designed for high-speed assembly operations. It comes with a quick release air valve which allows the cylinder to return quickly. This air rivet gun is a powerful, durable and high-speed production tool. 6. Sanhe Pneumatic Hydraulic Pulling Air Rivet Gun ($89.99) It comes with a blow molded storage case for easy portability and storage.Īvailable here. It has a forged aluminum handle which is anti-slip and doesn’t cause fatigue during work. It features a pulling (traction) power of 3,960 lbF at 90PSI pressure. This air rivet gun is capable of setting all conventional and structural blind rivets, mono bolts and rivets up. 7. Sunex Heavy-Duty Air Rivet Gun ($299.62) It has an average air consumption of 3 CFM and includes four nose pieces.Īvailable here. It gives you a convenient and easy one-handed operation and avoids hand strain or fatigue. This is a handy air rivet gun that makes it easy for you to perform most riveting jobs. 8. Pneumatic Air Hydraulic Pop Rivet Gun ($51.70) You can easily connect it to an air compressor with 3/8-inch hose size and 1/4-inch NPT inlet.Īvailable here. This tool includes a catcher cup which catches catch the rivet ends ensuring a clean working station. It is designed to meet the demands of automotive and construction assembly work. This air rivet gun offers 1600 lbs of high traction power which allows the riveter to punch rivets into the toughest materials cleanly. ![]() 9. Neiko 30702A Pistol Type Air Rivet Gun ($49.85) It uses an air-line lubricator for smooth functioning and long-lasting performance.Īvailable here. It has a transparent container with holes for quick release of rivet ends. It has a simple construction which ensures easy maintenance. It offers you an easy pulling up to 2200 lbs. It is an ideal tool for trailer panels, number plates and any panel maintenance. It is designed for rivets in aluminum, copper, and other softer materials. This air rivet gun is a powerful and durable tool specifically designed for general maintenance activities. ![]() Chicago Pneumatic Tool Air Rivet Gun ($51.27) Following are the 10 best air rivet guns on Amazon, 10. This tool uses pressurized gas to drive its force which binds metals. It comes in handy during many construction, repair and maintenance tasks. An air rivet gun is a very useful tool that can help you fasten metal parts with rivets. ![]() ![]() Outdoor Living Rooms in Parks: Not a fan of damp grass butt/dog poop surprises so yes to more nice places to sit and hang out in parks.Additional Bike Racks and Fix-it Stations: Definitely not enough bike racks at key locations throughout the city.Beating the Heat - Misting + Water Fountains ($50,000)ĭumping some of my initial thoughts/opinions in a separate comment here.Concrete Safety Island Crossings on Wide Thoroughfares ($200,000).Support Direct Community Food Access ($55,000).Faster Bigbelly Trash Can Adoption for Rat Abatement ($250,000).Pedestrian Safety at Community Path Intersections ($150,000).Outdoor Living Rooms in Parks ($150,000).Residential Street Speed Bumps and Daylighting ($150,000).STEM Programming in Libraries ($50,000).Improve Pedestrian Safety Near GLX Stops ($150,000).Summer Music in the Park Series ($50,000).Additional Bike Racks and Fix-it Stations ($85,000).List of projects (order is random as the ballot scrambles the list each time): Civic Day outside City Hall, (Saturday, September 30, 12-4pm)Ĭurious what people think of the final list of projects? Will dump my thoughts in a separate long comment to avoid cluttering the post.Fluff Fest in Union Square (Saturday, September 23, 3-7pm).Voting will remain open for a month (through October 13) and can be done online, or in person at: You can vote for up to 5 (ranked) that you'd like to see get funded from the $1,000,000 participatory budgeting bucket. Here is the sample ballot with more details about each one, and below is a list of project names. Volunteers went through the ~900 original submissions and came up with a final shortlist of 20. ![]() Community voting for Somerville's first year of participatory budgeting is now open! ![]() ![]() He's not seen again until the final battle of the game, inside the alien hive. Using unknown means, he fires a massive beam on a populated city, turning everything into ruins his face then ominously appears as a giant apparition in the sky. Gava returns with his army and launches the most massive attack on Earth yet. Most notoriously, conversely to the arcade version, defeating Gava does not bring about the end of the alien invasion, as it apparently seems that Kimkoh takes command of their remaining alien forces from this point onward. He only releases red homing fireballs from his mouth. His eyes can no longer be destroyed, but instead actually act as Gava's main weak points this time around. The destructible lung-like organs and red core containing the alien embryo on his forehead that appeared in the arcade version are now absent. His boss fight is largely simplified and easier overall: He does not possess two snake-like limbs, but instead releases fully independent alien serpents that come out from one of the holes located on Gava's sides, slithers tracing a big circle at the center of the battlefield (likely circling around the player) and then hides away into the other hole. For starters, Gava is no longer the final boss, due to the game featuring additional hive levels after the one he is encountered in. The events featured in Super C (the console version of Super Contra) are considerably changed. Gava will attempt to protect this gestating alien by spewing out several small, floating masses that will spin around the red core (these can be destroyed).Īfter sufficient damage has been dealt to him, his entire body will begin to explode and amidst the explosions the alien fetus can be seen crawling out of Gava's forehead before it unfolds its wings and flies away (the fate of this newborn alien is never revealed in following installments, although it could be speculated that it grew up into the new Gava that serves as the main antagonist of the sequel). He has many vulnerable areas that can be destroyed, such as both his eyes, the serpentine limbs, the pulsating lung-like bulbs located on the sides of his neck (when destroyed, the speed and rate at which his limbs can extend are diminished considerably), and his main weak point: the red core located on his forehead and which contains an alien fetus. Gava's attacks consist in periodically extending his limbs out toward the player and releasing several aliens with scythes from his mouth. However, after a moment of silence, the mass breaks apart revealing a tunnel-like opening from which Gava's head emerges, and then his two snake-like limbs come out from two holes located on the sides. With the destruction of this monster, a hardened bulbous-like mass is all that's left of the creature and a victory fanfare plays in the background, giving the false impression of having beaten the game. He emerges from what might have been his prior form, a creature consisting of several fused faces aligned horizontally. Gava is found at the very end of the aliens' nest level. The second of these conflicts came to be known as the " Alien Wars", which culminated with his death and the total annihilation of his army, although not without taking a heavy toll on human lives lost as well.Ĭells retrieved from Gava's body were subsequently used in military experiments after the war, with diverse outcomes that triggered the events of many following installments in the series. ![]() ![]() Gava leaded two hostile mobilizations against planet Earth in an attempt to retrieve a powerful artifact that originally belonged to a supreme alien race. He is the main leader of the Red Falcon alien army and is often encountered either as the final boss or near the end of several games. He was introduced in 1988 as the final boss of the arcade version of Super Contra. Possesses a strong exoskeleton and fires powerful beams from either of the heads on its arm-like tendrils.Įmperor Demon Gava ( 天王鬼 ギャバ, Tennō Ki Gyaba ?) is one of the main antagonists in the Contra series. ![]() VARIOLATION AND EARLY ATTEMPTS OF TREATMENT It is derived from the Latin word varius, meaning “stained,” or from varus, meaning “mark on the skin.” The term small pockes ( pocke meaning sac) was first used in England at the end of the 15th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the great pockes ( 8). The word variola was commonly used for smallpox and had been introduced by Bishop Marius of Avenches (near Lausanne, Switzerland) in AD 570. The case-fatality rate in infants was even higher, approaching 80% in London and 98% in Berlin during the late 1800s. The case-fatality rate varied from 20% to 60% and left most survivors with disfiguring scars. The symptoms of smallpox, or the “speckled monster” as it was known in 18th-century England, appeared suddenly and the sequelae were devastating. In the 18th century in Europe, 400,000 people died annually of smallpox, and one third of the survivors went blind ( 4). Another factor contributing to smallpox in the Americas was the slave trade because many slaves came from regions in Africa where smallpox was endemic. During the French-Indian War (1754–1767), Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the commander of the British forces in North America, suggested the deliberate use of smallpox to diminish the American Indian population hostile to the British. The devastating effects of smallpox also gave rise to one of the first examples of biological warfare ( 1, 7). Similarly, on the eastern coast of North America, the disease was introduced by the early settlers and led to a decline in the native population. The disease decimated the local population and was instrumental in the fall of the empires of the Aztecs and the Incas. ![]() Unknown in the New World, smallpox was introduced by the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors. The Arab expansion, the Crusades, and the discovery of the West Indies all contributed to the spread of the disease. The first stages of the decline of the Roman Empire ( AD 108) coincided with a large-scale epidemic: the plague of Antonine, which accounted for the deaths of almost 7 million people ( 6). The disease greatly affected the development of Western civilization. Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages. At the same time, smallpox has been reported in ancient Asian cultures: smallpox was described as early as 1122 BC in China and is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts of India. The mummified head of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V (died 1156 BC) bears evidence of the disease ( 5). The earliest evidence of skin lesions resembling those of smallpox is found on faces of mummies from the time of the 18th and 20th Egyptian Dynasties (1570–1085 BC). It seems plausible that it spread from there to India by means of ancient Egyptian merchants. It is believed to have appeared around 10,000 BC, at the time of the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa ( 3, 4). The origin of smallpox as a natural disease is lost in prehistory. Jenner's work is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology-despite the fact that he was neither the first to suggest that infection with cowpox conferred specific immunity to smallpox nor the first to attempt cowpox inoculation for this purpose. It seems prudent to review the history of a disease known to few people in the 21st century.Įdward Jenner (Figure (Figure1 1) is well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox ( 2). Smallpox has been identified as a possible agent of bioterrorism ( 1). Unfortunately, since the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism has reemerged. ![]() With the rapid pace of vaccine development in recent decades, the historic origins of immunization are often forgotten. In modern times we do not have to worry about it thanks to the remarkable work of Edward Jenner and later developments from his endeavors. ![]() In science credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not the man to whom the idea first occurs.įor many centuries, smallpox devastated mankind. |
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